Free Will vs. Determinism Essay - 1951 Words

Free Will vs. Determinism Society walks about day-by-day living their lives and never really thinking or breaking down how their day unfolds or why it plays out the way it does. Some people have said that individuals have a choice and are able to decide on where their day goes. Others on the other hand would argue this assessment and state that your day and your life as whole are all pre determined. The different is free will vs. determinism. Do you believe we live in a free will world or has everything been planed out and is determined to happen no matter what? To start out on finding an answer to this question we must first break down the two terms and a bit about their background and what they mean to us as an individual walking†¦show more content†¦Freud believed that your unconscious state was leading and guiding you to do things you do with out you even realizing it. These things were memories and thoughts that you have repressed mainly as a child or due to any traumatic experience. Freud wou ld use psychology as a method of trying to bring these unconscious states to the surface so that a person could identify what they were doing and why it is that they were predetermined to do so. Sigmund Freud also came to the conclusion that each person holds with in them three states. These three states would be super ego, ego, and id. Ego would be our self-aware state of mind that you are conscience of. Super ego would be your moral value, and your id (translating to â€Å"it†) would be the sexually aggressive part of you. He felt that this â€Å"id† was what really guided you to do the things you do. It is almost as if you’re super ego and your id battle each other everyday trying to tell you what to do and when to do it. Freud was an evolutionary thinker and still to this day has many followers in his system. To go in the opposite direction we have free will. Free will is the approach to life that we have choices and decisions, and we make them every day to determine what it is that we do with our day and even with our life. Out of the two this is the less depressing approach. I personally like this approach and thought on how we live better. Free willShow MoreRelatedFree Will vs Determinism627 Words   |  3 PagesTed Honderich Determinism Vs Free Will Psychology 101-1322 Professor: James Pattison By: Belinda Bielicki July 2, 2011 Determinism versus Free Will: The most important and the oldest philosophical question is perhaps that of free will and determinism. Do people have free will, or are our actions pre-determined? Ted Honderich defined determinism as the philosophical idea that every event or state of affairs, including every human decision and action, is the inevitable and necessaryRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Free Will1089 Words   |  5 Pages Determinism vs. Free will The belief that all events have causes and if there ever is an equivalent origin, the same outcome will occur is called determinism. Almost meaning that every event is certain and that there really isn’t such thing as â€Å"free will†. We have the debut of free will, it is an unmitigated appearance that simply holds that there is a case about anything that happens in the near future, nevertheless how it comes about. Which leads to the question, do we have free will? OrRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism879 Words   |  4 PagesFree Will vs. Determinism What determines and influences human behavior? Humans have been looking the answer for this question during several eras, thus they developed various theories attempting to explain human behavior. Determinism is the belief that one event is the consequence of a previous action, similar to a chain. According to some philosophers who support determinism, the will of an agent follows physical laws, and every action is explicable and predictable by physical conditions. By thisRead MoreFree will vs. Determinism1124 Words   |  5 PagesFree will vs. determinism is an argument as complex, intertwined, and co-dependent as nature vs. nurture or the age-old question of whether it was the chicken or the egg that came first. Philosophers have contemplated the question for ages, and arrived at no satisfactory answer. While considering which topic to address for this assignment, I posed the question of free will vs. determinism to a philosopher friend, whose response was â€Å"I don’t care.† He feels that the question is not worth askingRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism1526 Words   |  7 Pagesother’s throats: Free will versus determinism. Scientist believe they have proven that free will is a mere illusion. Philosophers think other wise. With many experiments and arguments included, both have a different view about this topic. One who believes that all thing, including human behavior, are already determined are people who believe in determinism. Others who believe in free will, believe that our actions are caused by free will and are not controlled. Believing in free will means that people’sRead MoreFree Will And Determinism Vs. Determinism1074 Words   |  5 PagesFree Will and Determinism For something to occur in this world, there must be the course and the reason for the occurrence, and which will then affect other future consequences. The theory of determinism states that all events whether moral choices or vices are predetermined by other existing courses. In the same connection, the free will of humans is connected to determinism since humans do things the best way, or they cannot act otherwise. According to Saul McLeod, â€Å"the determinist approach proposesRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Free Will1341 Words   |  6 PagesDeterminism is a doctrine suggesting that for every event there exist conditions that could cause no alternative event. Free will is a philosophical term describing a particular sort of capacity of rational agents to choose a course of action from among various alternatives. Understandably, the dichotomy between these two concepts is a topic philosophers have debated over for many years. As a result of these debates, a number of alternative philos ophical perspectives arguing for the existence ofRead MoreFree Will vs. Determinism Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesfierce-looking meatloaf, so you decide to go with pizza. So was your decision based off of free will or was this decision predetermined? To fully understand whether your actions resulted from free will or determinism, we must first define each. Determinism is the idea that everything happens due to a cause or a determinant, which is something that can be observed or measured. To put it simply, determinism does not mean that the future can be predicted. Rather, it is a prediction of the possible outcomesRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism1349 Words   |  6 Pagesquestions regarding free will and determinism. Free will is a human value that has inspired many individuals throughout history. These concepts of free will and determinism have inspired many poets, spiritualist, philosophers, and activist. There have been numerous philosophers who believe free will is a part o f our human nature, and are continually questioning the concept of free will, constantly attempting to understand its true meaning. In contrast to free will, there is determinism, which seems toRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Free Will893 Words   |  4 Pagesthe future is already determined is known in philosophy as determinism.   There are various definitions of determinism available; but in this essay, I shall use the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy definition, which is ‘the metaphysical thesis that the facts of the past, in conjunction with the laws of nature, entail every truth about the future This idea presents a difficult problem for the concept of free will:  how can we make free choices if all our actions are determined by the facts of the

The Main Stages Of Second Language Development Essay

BICS- Cummins (1981) states that there are two main stages to second language development. BICS is Basic Interpersonal communication skills, they are language skills which are needed in a daily basis to interact socially with others. BICS is basic interpersonal communication skills. It is the most basic form of communication and relies on gestures, facial expressions and body language to enhance or support the meaning of words (Brown-Chidsey and Bickford, 2015). BICS can take between 2 and 4 years to achieve. These skills are the ones which are the most essential to daily survival, such as, knowing how to locate the bathroom in another language is an example of BICS. BICS are skills that ELL s need in order to get through each day in a second language. CALP- As (Lyman, 2016) suggests that CALP, Cognitive academic language proficiency is referred to as formal academic learning, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing about subject area content material. It is more conceptual, academic form of language and follows BICS. Students may initially appear fully proficient and fluent, while still struggling with significant language gaps. This level of language learning is essential for students to succeed in school. Students need time and support to become proficient in academic areas (Banks and banks 2009). This usually takes from four to seven years. Recent research from (Thomas and Collier, 1995) has shown that if a child has no prior schooling or has noShow MoreRelatedThe Stages Of First Language Acquisition1381 Words   |  6 PagesFirst language acquisition means the development of children language in natural environment. First language acquisition could be bilingual or monolingual. Bilingual first language acquisition means children from birth acquire two languages at the same time such as child who has parents from different nationality (Houwer,2009). In contract, monolingual means the development of single language. However, several studies have documented the development of first language acquisition into stages whichRead MoreHatchinson and Waters (1987) asserted that â€Å"ESP should properly be seen not as any particular1300 Words   |  6 PagesHatchinson and Waters (1987) asserted that â€Å"ESP should properly be seen not as any particular language product but as an approach to language teaching which is directed by specific and apparent reasons for learning† (p. 19). In addition, â€Å"it is an approach to language learning which is based on learner need. The foundation of all ESP is a simple question: Why does this leaner need to learn a foreign language?† (Hatchinson Waters, 1987, p. 19). Strevens (as cited in Dudley Evans St. John, 1998) differentiatesRead MoreEssay on The Theories of Jean Piaget752 Words   |  4 Pagesessay is about Jean Piagets theory. Piagets theory has two main strands: first, an account of the mechanisms by which cognitive development takes place; and second, an account of the four main stages of cognitive development through which children pass. Piaget suggested that there are four main stages in the cognitive development of children. In the first two years, children pass through a sensory-motor stage during which they progress from cognitive structures dominatedRead MoreTheories Of Cognitive Development And Comment On Impact On Education1381 Words   |  6 Pagescognitive development and comment on the impact they have had on education. This essay will describe and evaluate two of the main three theories concerning cognitive development and comment on how they have impacted education. Cognitive development is the mental process in which we think and how we remember, problem solving and decision making. There are three main theorists that have a theory on cognitive development, Piaget, Vygotsky and Bruner. Piaget and Vygotsky are the two main theorist whoseRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives On Language Development1590 Words   |  7 Pagesessay will consist of three theoretical perspectives on language development Burner, Vygotsky and Piaget. Each theory has key features that will be explained they are all opposing theories on language development; the main framework throughout this essay will be discussing the social interaction and cognitive development. In addition the essay will argue the main contrast and comparison using the key features that have been explained. Language is what separates mankind from any other species; we haveRead MoreDifferent Stages Of Language Acquisition Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition of language among linguists, but we can say that language is the most sophisticated way of communication between any two human beings and far more complex than any other system of communication. The ability of acquiring and using languages is one of the properties that differs us as human beings from other species. Acquiring the first language is much easier than acquiring any second language as it comes â€Å"naturally† after birth. The child passes through different stages before acquiringRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Culture on Second Language Acquisition924 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The issue of English language learning has been always a controversial one for almost all non-English language countries around the world these days. However, it seems language learning difficulties are not restricted to those who attempt to learn English. This is the same issue when an English speaker attempts to learn another language especially the Middle Eastern or Asian Languages. There are several hypotheses and theories concerning the language learning difficulties from differentRead MoreWhat Do Toddlers Help The Task Of Language Learning? Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesinfants bring to the task of language learning? This question is the basis for the nature vs. nurture debate. Theorists argue whether or not children are born with innate language capabilities (nature-inspired theories) or acquire language skills through interaction/experiences with others (nurture-inspired theories). What mechanisms drive language acquisition? Examines how language develops from infancy into adulthood. Focuses on the modularity debate of how language is organized in the brain.Read MoreTheories in Second Language Acquisition by James P. Lantolf and Steven L. Thorne593 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Acquiring second language has its impact on the social and cultural knowledge. One of the theories that concern with that knowledge is the sociocultural theory that was originated by the Russian psychologist L. S. Vygotsky. The theory explains how individual mental functioning is related to cultural, institutional, and historical context. SCT has three main areas. These are: interaction, ZPD, and scaffolding. Summary In chapter (11) of James P. Lantolf and Steven L. Thorne’s book â€Å"TheoriesRead MoreEssay AngloSaxon Language1062 Words   |  5 PagesAngloSaxon Language Nearly all knowledge of the English language before the seventh century is hypothetical. Most of this knowledge is based on later English documents and earlier documents in related languages (3). The English language of today represents many centuries of development. As a continuous process, the development of the English language began in England around the year 449 with the arrival of several Germanic tribes including: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes (1, p

The Future Of Fuel Cell Technology Engineering Essay Free Essays

In our current universe of planetary heating, clime alteration, fuel insecurity, and high energy demand and ingestion from developing states, it is perfectly necessary we started looking into how to bring forth the power of the hereafter. Through research, development, and promotion of engineering, several beginnings of alternate, clean renewable energy have been identified. One of the alternate beginnings of energy for the hereafter is â€Å" The Fuel Cell Technology † . We will write a custom essay sample on The Future Of Fuel Cell Technology Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This engineering ( fuel cell engineering ) has the possible to be the drift which will transform the manner in which industries of today will bring forth energy of tomorrow. Fuel Cell can merely be describe as a power bring forthing system made up of electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of H into electrical energy. The electrical energy is generated from the reaction between H ( which is the fuel ) an O ( which is the oxidizer ) . The history of fuel cells history can be dated back to 1939 when William Grove, a British scientist foremost discovered its rule. He demonstrated this by utilizing four big cells ( each incorporating H and O ) to bring forth electric power which was so used to divide the H2O ( in a smaller upper cell ) into H and O. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) subsequently demonstrated their possible applications in supplying power during infinite flights. Since so, industry has been looking at the commercial viability of fuel cells engineering to bring forth energy in assorted applications in such a manner that it can vie with other sources/types of energy coevals. Fuel Cells Types There are several types of fuel cells being developed. The chief difference between fuel cells types is their electrolyte. The chief fuel cells types are listed below: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells ( PEMFC ) : This is besides called the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell. It is the most favorable fuel cell engineering that offer alternate to the internal burning engine. The PEMFC uses a thin plastic membrane as its electrolyte. The reaction gases ( H and O ) are fed into the cell to respond with the anode and the cathode. The fuel H continuously flows to the anode. At the anode, H ions ( or protons ) and negatrons are produce from the H. Merely positively charged H ions pass through the membrane. The negatively charged negatrons flow to the electrical socket to bring forth electrical power. Oxygen continuously flow to the cathode. At the cathode the O combines with H ions and the negatrons to organize H2O which flows out of the cell. 2HA? a 4Ha + 4ea? » Equation for the reaction of the anode Oa‚‚ + 4Ha + 4ea? » a 2Ha‚‚O Equation for the reaction at the cathode 2Ha‚‚ + Oa‚‚ a 2Ha‚‚O Overall Equation Figure 1: How PEMFC works ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //altenergystation.com/fuel-cells.html ) The PEMFC has many advantages over all other types of fuel cell ; The PEMFC has a high power denseness and a low operating temperature ( of about 60-80 grades Celsius ) compared with other types of fuel cell. Its low operating temperature makes the fuel cell to warm up and get down bring forthing electricity within a short period of clip. Besides, the electrolyte is a solid stuff which makes it simpler to fabricate. The solid electrolyte of PEMFC makes it easier to orientate compared with other electrolytes. It is besides less caustic and has longer cell life and stack life. Other advantages of PEMFC are: It merely requires H and O as reactant. The by merchandise is H2O. It can be used as an option to internal burning engine. Although PEMFC has many benefits, it does hold some disadvantages excessively. The operating temperature is low ( about 80A °C ) ; which is non high plenty to execute utile cogeneration. It is an expensive signifier of electricity coevals. It cost about ?2500 – ?5000 per kilowatt. The control of wet in the cathode and anode watercourse is of import as the electrolyte is required to be saturated with H2O to run optimally. Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ( DMFC ) These types of fuel cells are comparable to the PEMFC except that methyl alcohol is used as fuel alternatively of H. It works by oxidising of the liquid methyl alcohol ( CHa‚?OH ) in the presence of H2O at the anode. The DMFC uses the same type of electrolyte as the PEMFC, but with thicker membranes. The chemical equation ( reaction ) of the DMFC is as follow ; At the anode: CHa‚?OH + Ha‚‚O a COa‚‚ +6Ha + 6ea? » At the cathode: 3/2Oa‚‚ + 6Ha + 6ea? » a 3Ha‚‚O Overall Equation: CHa‚?OH + 3/2Oa‚‚ a COa‚‚+ 2Ha‚‚O DMFC engineering is really applicable for portable power devices like laptops, 2-way wirelesss, cell phones, PDA etc. This is due to the high energy denseness of the methyl alcohol fuel. The current DMFCs can bring forth power denseness between 300-1000mWcmA? compared to PEMFC power denseness of 300-1000mWcmA? . DMFC can run between 50A °C and 120A °C with an efficiency of approximately 40 % . The DMFC offers a batch of benefits compared with PEMFC ; nevertheless its development is still in its early phases. Some of its advantages are ; It uses a liquid ( methyl alcohol ) fuel for power. Methanol can incorporate efficaciously with transmittal and distribution systems that are already in being. It does non necessitate a complicated fuel storage system, as suppose to hydrogen fuel storage for PEMFC. It is simpler in its design, and has the possible for low-volume, lightweight packaging. Methanol is easier to transport and provide in commercial measures utilizing current gasolene substructure. The chief disadvantage nevertheless, is that the low oxidation of methyl alcohol to hydrogen ions and COa‚‚ requires a more active accelerator. The fuel stack requires big measures of Pt compared with the PEMFC. Due to the big measures of Pt requires, the DMFC are more expensive. Other disadvantages are ; methanol is extremely caustic and toxic, DMFC have low efficiency compared to PEMFC due to the high pervasion of methyl alcohol through the membrane. Alkaline Fuel Cells ( AFC ) AFC were one of the first type of fuel cell engineerings developed and used in the United States infinite plan to bring forth electricity. AFC operates by utilizing a solution of K hydrated oxide ( KOH ) in H2O as the electrolyte. It can utilize a broad scope of assorted non-precious metals as a accelerator at the anode and the cathode. AFC operates at temperature between 100A °C and 250A °C, nevertheless, most recent design of AFC operate at lower temperature of approximately 23A °C to 70A °C. AFC have been proved to hold efficiency of stopping point to 60 % . Advantages of AFC are ; The costs of AFC are lowered compared to other signifiers of fuel cell engineerings because Alkaline engineering can work absolutely good without the usage of cherished metals. The AFC operates at a low temperature of about 70A °C. This lower its costs because the lower the operating temperature, the lower the cost of the stuffs needed to make a working and dependable system. AFC has the highest efficiency of all fuel cell type ( about 60 % ) . AFC nevertheless is susceptible to taint, hence requires pure H and O. Susceptibility of AFCs to taint besides affects the cell ‘s life-time, therefore extra cost. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells ( PAFC ) The PAFC is one of the modern fuel cell and the first to be used commercially. PAFC can bring forth up to 200 kilowatt of power and is chiefly used to power stationary power coevals and besides to power big vehicles like coachs. The PAFC uses liquid phosphorous acid as an electrolyte. The phosphorous acid is contained in a Teflon-bonded Si carbide matrix and porous C electrodes incorporating a Pt accelerator. The chief feature of PAFC is the impregnation of the phosphorous acid aqueous solution as the electrolyte in the matrix. The efficiency of PAFC is approximately 40 % but can be increased to over 70 % with combined heat and power. One of the chief advantages of PAFC is that they are more receptive to drosss in fossil fuels that have been reformed into H than PEMFC, which are easy poisoned by C monoxide. PAFC are besides more efficient when used for the cogeneration of electricity and heat ( about 85 % ) . Other benefit of PAFC is its first-class dependability and long-run public presentation. The disadvantage nevertheless is that it takes longer to warm up because it operates at a higher temperature ( between 150A °C and 200A °C ) , therefore doing it unsuitable for usage in autos. It besides requires Pt as a accelerator like most other types of fuel cells, but provides low power and current. Another deficit of PAFC is its size and volume in relation to their end product compared with other types of fuel cell. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells ( MCFC ) Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ( SOFC ) Hydrogen Electrolysis PEM Fuel Cell and Electrolyser Operating Principles Table Fuel Cell Development in Future: An Independent Opinion Experiment: How to Better Output and Efficiency ofaˆÂ ¦ Consequence: Calculation of Improved Efficiency/Performance Decision Glossary Appendixs How to cite The Future Of Fuel Cell Technology Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Youth Unemployment free essay sample

Similarly, across the developing countries, the World Bank estimates that there are 262m such youths. All told, there are perhaps as many as 290m 15-to-24-year-olds not participating in the labour market— almost a quarter of the world’s youth, and a group almost as large as the population of America. More young people are idle than ever before. Why? Some of these youths choose not to work. About a quarter of the 290m are south Asian women who do not work for cultural reasons. And under-24s who are working are disproportionately engaged in informal or temporary employment. In the rich world, it is estimated that a third of under-24s are on temporary contracts; in developing countries a fifth are unpaid labourers or work in the informal sector. That is better than not working at all, but is hardly cause for celebration. In total, nearly half of the world’s young are contributing to the labour market less effectively than they could be. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Unemployment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is not simply the result of the financial crisis, though that is part of the explanation, having affected young people in the rich world particularly badly. Youth unemployment has increased by 30% across the OECD, and in Spain it has doubled to 20% as proportion of the youth population. In the developing world, meanwhile, a second contributory factor is that many countries with fast-growing populations also have inefficient labour markets. Almost half the world’s young people live in South Asia, the Middle East and Africa, the regions with the highest shares of youngsters out of work or working informally. (It is no coincidence that South Africa has some of the strictest rules on hiring and firing and one of the worst youth-unemployment problems in sub-Saharan Africa. A third factor is the growing mismatch between the skills that youngsters have and the vacancies that employers want to fill. Germany, which has a relatively low level of youth unemployment, places a lot of emphasis on high-quality vocational courses, apprenticeships and links with industry. But it is an exception. The effects of youth unemployment  can persist for years. Those who begin their careers without work are more likely to have lower wages and suffer joblessness again later in life. The economic loss can be substantial, too, and not just in the form of higher welfare payments. Part of these losses may be due to missing out on training and experience accumulation that typically occurs with young workers. But younger workers typically change jobs at much higher rates than their older counterparts, and these job switches are responsible for most of a workers wage growth early in a career. Workers forced into bad matches or no matches end up on a productivity trajectory well below what they might otherwise have expected. One estimate suggests that the total economic loss from youth unemployment was equivalent to 1. % of GDP in Europe in 2011. Realising this problem, governments are trying to address the mismatch between skills and jobs: apprenticeships in Britain have increased in recent years, for example. There is evidence too that companies are investing more in the young and revamping their training programmes. New technology is providing educational opportunities to people who might otherwise remain outside the job market. There is some cause for hope, th en. But the scale of the problem is daunting. The Essence of the story Of the 290 million 15-to-24-year-olds youngsters not contributing in the labor market, almost a quarter of the world’s youth. * Nearly half of the world’s youngsters are participating to the labor market less effectively as they could be. * A quarter of the 190 million youngsters are south Asian women who do not work for cultural reasons, in the rich world, it is estimated that a third of under-24s are on provisional contracts; in developing countries a fifth are unpaid laborers or work in the informal sector. Youth unemployment has increased by 30% across the OECD. (OECD is an international organization of thirty four countries) * In the developing world a basic factor is that many countries with fast-growing populations also have inefficient labor markets. * One estimate suggests that the total economic loss from youth unemployment was equal to 1. 2% of GDP in Europe in 2011. * Companies are investing more in the young and renew their training programs. This is some cause for hope but the scale of the problem is frightening. Economic Analysis There is a global youth unemployment crisis. Cultural differences plays a major role in this problem. For example a quarter of the 190 million unemployed youngsters around the world are south Asian women who do not work for cultural reasons. We will now concentrate on the Netherlands where we live in a democratic society and the life circumstances are stable. We are looking for the reasons of youth unemployment in The Netherlands and how we can fight this problem. Over 1,5 million of those aged 16-24 in The Netherlands, one in six is unemployed. This is the highest level for almost 25 years. Unless action is taken, forecasts indicate that the growing youth unemployment will lead to a new recession in the near future. The high and continued level of youth unemployment will have a dreadful effect on the economy of the Netherlands and result in a ‘lost generation’. Unemployment at the beginning of an individual’s working life often leads to a scarring effect, increasing the chance that they will be unemployed in the future and lowering their lifetime earnings. The instance for action – economically, socially and fiscally – is therefore clear. Tackling these levels of youth unemployment would be a challenge in any environment but it is particularly difficult in a period when public sector budgets are under pressure. More than ever it will be important to be efficient and effective in reacting to the problem. While important steps have been made in the local and national response, there are still things that can be improved. Youth workers and employers suggests that the approach is still not broad enough as it could be. In particular: Support services are not reaching many young people, One-third of unemployed young people have received no support from public sector agencies. * Young people still need very basic support, such as advice and guidance on careers opportunities, vacancy search, CV writing and interview practice. * Many young people lack a real world appreciation of what qualifications and other personal attributes a re necessary to get a job. The differences between young people’s perception and what they can achieve with their qualifications in reality is more than twice as high among young people not in employment, education, or training. Support services are not working for many employers. Only 25% of employers that had sought support from Government felt that they got sufficient help to employ young people Dealing with the unemployed young people and getting them into work is expensive and therefore just beyond the budgets of local partners alone. Supporting mainstream programmes is essential. Some undemanding examples of what can be done are as follows. * Inviting local employers to speak in schools * Improving work experience. * Teaching young people to build their own support networks. Encouraging young people to plan their own careers, In Finland young people are encouraged to simulate their learning path based on their long-term career goals.